Application

- Stainless Steel

 

- Tools and Alloy Steel

 

Application of Stainless Steel

SS 301
An austentic stainless steel, because of its ability to attain high strength and ductility through moderate or severe cold working, can be used for automobile trims, conveyor belts, transportation cars such as railway coaches, metal fixtures for construction purposes, roof drainage products, storm door-frames, table-ware etc.

SS 304
It is the most widely used austentic stainles steel. It has excellent corrosion resistance and forming characteristics. Used in chemical, petro-chemical and fertiliser industries, and as equipment in dairy, food processing, pharmaceutical industries in hospitals, households as kitchen wares, sinks, cutlery, cryogenic vessels and as heat exchangers in air-conditioning, refrigeration, for madhinmery in paper, pulp, textile beverage sectors etc.

 

SS 304L
It is used in place of SS 304 for improved resistance to inter-granular corrosion. It is used for parts and structures which can not be heat trteated for stress relieving after welding. Has less tendency to work harden.

 

SS 310S
These are austentic types with higher Chromium and Nickel content. Because of their relatively hiofh creep strength and mechanical properties at higher temperatures these steel find application for higher temperatures and severe service conditions. Used for air heaters, annealing boxes, ovens, carburising boxes, fire box sheets furnace linigs, furnace stacks and dampers, gas turbine parts, heat exchangers kiln lining, nozzle diaphragm assemblies for turbo jet engines, oil burner parts, paper mill equipment, oil refinery equipment, recuperators etc.

 

SS 316

An austentic stainless steel with 2.0 to 3% Mo. which improves corrosion resistance against halogens imparts hot strength charactersistics. Used for applications requiring resistance to pitting corrosion and halogen atmospheres. Typical applications : architectural trims, marine exteriors, chemical processing equipment, food processing equipment, petroleu, refining equipment, pharmaceutical equipment, photyographic equipment, pulp and paper processing equipment, textile finishing equipment, pollution control etc.

 

SS 316 L

Recommended in place of 316 when weldability has to be improved.

 

SS 321

An austentic stainless steel similar to SS 304 but stabilized with titanium to avoid inter-granular corrosion. Type SS 321 resists scaling and vibration fatigue. It is used for aircraft exhaust stacks and manifolds pressure vessels, large mufflers for stationary dieselengines, carburetors, expansion bellows, stack liners, fire walls, super heaters etc.

 

SS 409/409 M

It is the lowest alloyer straight Chromium ferritic stainless steel. It replaces carbon steels and low alloy steel where some amount of heat or corrosion resistance and higher strength is required and where appearance is secondary. It is used fo fins is heater tubes, automotive exhaust systems including mufflers, resonators, silencers, pipes and emission contro units, high pressure agricultural spray tanks, culverts, shipping continers, farm equipment etc.

 

SS 410S

SS410 is the most commonly used 12% Chromium Stainless Steel. Excellent combination of toughness and strength can be developed. It is a good choice when good formability and high strength are required and the end use demands resistance to mildly corrosive environment. It is used for furnace parts and burners operatin below 650 O.C micrometer parts, tray supports, caps and vaporisers in petrolium fractionation toeres, lining for reaction chambers, coal screens filshing tackles, keys , brackets, rules and tapes, wall screens, stream turbine buckets blades, bucket covers, pump parts, petro-chemical equipment, press plates, etc.

 

SS 420

This steel contains min 0.15% C and 12 % Cr. It can be thermally hardened to develop very high strength, Extremely useful for cutlery. Other applications include vegetable choppers, scissors, shears, tweezers, hand tools, dental and surgical instruments, etc.

 

SS 430

SS 430 with 17% Cr. is inferior to SS 304 as sregards deep durability. Though it does not have good corrosion resistance properties as the Cr-Ni steels, it is used under less severe corrosive atmospheres for chemical processin equipment, furnace parts, heat exchangers, oil burner parts, petroleum rolling equimpent, pyrometers, protection tubes, recuperators, rubber plant machinery, scientific apparatus, storage vessels, tubing, television cones, electrical appliances, solar water heaters, air conditioners, kitchen ware, household appliances, decorative trims, parts for washing machines etc.

 

Welding
Selection of Welding Processes

General guidelines for selection of appropriate method of welding for different types of stainless steels in different thickness, keeping in view the advantages and limitations of the welding processes, are given below.

 

Selection of welding processes for stainless steels.

Welding Method	Recommended Thickness mm	Austentic	Weldability	Martensitic
Shield Metal Arc Welding (SWAW)	>0.8	Easy to weld	Can be welded with care	Difficult to weld; Requires special care
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)	<3.0	Easy to weld	Can be welded with care	Can be welded with care
Gas Metal Arc Welding ( GMAW)	>3.0	Easy to weld	Can be welded with care	Can be welded with care
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)	>6.0	Can be welded with care	Can be welded with care	Can be welded with care
Resistance Spot Welding	<3.0	Easy to weld	Easy to weld	Can be welded with care
Resistance Seam Welding	<3.0	Easy to weld	Can be welded with care	Difficult to weld; Requires special care.

 

Application of Tools and Alloy Steel

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HIGH SPEED STEEL

Lathe tools, Planer tools, Milling cutter, Cutter blades, Boring tools, Twist drills Milling kinves, Peamers Tapes, Metal cutting saws, thread cutting tools, screw cutting tools, screw cutting tools, file cutters, chisel slotter drills, Hobs.A top quality steel which offers greater hardness and suitable for cutting at high speed and good wear of resistance.

 

HOT WORK TOOL STEEL

9% Tungsten Hot Work Steel :
Pressure casting moulds, cores dies fornon ferrous products tools for screws products hot extrusion dies, lower dies for valve cone products for pressing dies. Hot shear blades and trimmer dies for upsetting tools used in bolt, rivet nut and in manufacturing for heading punches swaging dies.

It is suitable for oil and air hardening and it offewrs high hardness retention. It provides food resistance to hot weat and heat checking.

 

5% Chromium Hot Work Steel
Extrusion dies, Gripper dies, Rams Drop forging dies, Pressure casting moulds for light alloys, Metal track pressure tools. High stressed internal boxes, little tube pressing mandrels. For watercooling, Die-casting tools, Punches.
It has very good high temperature characteristics and excellent toughness combined with resistivity to heat checking.

 

NON-SHRINKING DIE STEEL
High Carbon High Chromium Die Steel
Thread Rolling dies, Hobs Cold extrusion tools and dies Punches Draw plates an dies, Cutters, Measuring tools Pressure casting moulds, Blanking, Reamer, Finishing rolls for tyre mills, this type of moulds, Blanking, Reamer, Finishing rolls for tyre mills, this type of steel has high dimensional stability with added wear resistance coupled with excellent edge holding qualities.

Oil Hardening Non Shrinking Die Steel
Blanking and stamping dies, Rotary shear blades, Thread outting tools, Milling cutters, Rear, Measuring tools, Gauging tools, Wood working tools, Brcaches, Chasers. An ideal type oil hardened steel, which is economical and dependable for gauging cutting and blanking tools, as well as can be relied for hardness and cutting performance.

PNEUMATIC STEEL

Hot cutting dies and punches, Hot trimming tools, Punching tools, Blanking punches, Cold shear blades, Wood working tools.
Hobbing tools, headers Chisels, Caulking tools, Piercing mandrels, Beams Fishplates, Grates, Beading and flanging rolls.
It is a popular type of steel known for its extreme toughness and fatigue resistance. It is also recommended for intricate tools.

 

SHOCK RESISTING STEEL

Coining tools, e.g. mint and medallion dies, Dial plate and watch cases, dies, High-duty tools for jewellery, Grippers, Dies and punches for screws, Balls, Rivets, Wire, nails. Most eminently suited for meeting severe pressure impact and shock requiring shallow hardening grade.

STAINLESS STEEL

Magnetic Stainless Steel
Structural parts, Armatures Building fittings, Aircraft rivets, Printing machine components, Cutlery, Surgical and Dental instruments, Plastic and Bakelite dies Pump shafts, spring components for hydraulic or steam work etc. It has higher protection against corrosion.

Non Magnetic Stainless Steel
Equipments of food-stuff industry. Surgical instruments equipments for petroleum and chemical industries, Containers Cooking equipments. It is suitable recommended for handling and processing acids and it is also non rusting natured steel.

CARBON TOOL STEEL
Cutting and punching dies, Shear Blades, Hollow and massive embossing dies, Milling cutters, Scraper, Cutting tools, Twist dreills Reamer, Paper knives, Woods working tools, Thread cutting tools. Chisels, Tube drawing plugs, Files letter and figure stamps. It is a general purpose tool steel with high surface hardness and core toughness which provides good resistance wear impact and shock.

CONSTRUCTION STEEL

EN-8C rank shafts, automobile axle bearns, connecting rods, Lightly stressed gears.Generally used for moderately stressed parts of Motor Vehicles and general engineering works. Vehicles and general engineering works.
EN-9 Crank Shafts, Cylinder, Gears, Sprockets. Mainly used in machine parts which require moderate weat resistance.
EN-19 Axle shafts, Crank shafts, Gears, Connecting rods, Studs, Bolts, Propeller shaft joint. Suitable for heat treated parts where high tensile and impact are required along with high endurance bending strength.
EN-24 Aircraft and heavy vehicle crank shafts, Connecting rods, Gear shafts, Chain parts, Clutches, Propeller shafts, Camshafts, Spindles screws, Studs, Pinions, Tappets, Boring bars. Preferred to be applied for heat treated components having large sections and subject to exacting requirements.

EN-30 B Application similar to EN 24 Steel.
More suitable for extra ordinary high tougheness purpose.
EN-31 Ball and Roller Bearing, Spinning tools, Beading Rolls Punches and Dies. By its character this type of steel has high resisting nature against wear and can be used for components which are subjectedc to servce abrasion, wear or high surface loading.
EN-36 Disc wheels, Grooved Shafts, Cams, Gears, Heavy duty gears for aircraft, Heavy vehicles and automobile transmilsion parts, General engineering works, Universal joints. Mainly used ofr highly stresed machine parts which are intended for cementation for high strength and core toughness.

SPRING STEEL
EN-45 Leaf and volute springs, Road and Railway vehicle springs including helical and plate springs. This steel is capable is taking up a good hardness and possess an increased stability in tempering.
EN-47 High duty volute and leaf spring, heavy engine value springs, Helical and Torsional bar springs. It has high ratio of yiel point to tensiole strength and high torsional fatigue strength.

CASE HARDENING STEEL
SAE-8620
Gear, Pinions, lays shafts, Camshafts, Mining haulage suspension, Lifting gears. Generally used for parts where direct hardening is preferred. It can also be used as altenative EN-35 & EN-36A Steels.